GLOSSARY OF CERTAIN TERMS The following are abbreviations, acronyms, and definitions of certain terms used in this prospectus: •“AI” stands for artificial intelligence. AI includes GenAI, machine learning, and other artificial intelligence tools, systems, products, and related technologies. •“API” stands for Application Programming Interface. An API is a set of rules, protocols, and tools that allow different software applications to communicate and interact with each other. •“Chassis” means the metal frame that supports and houses the components of an electronic device, including the circuits that connect the components. •“CPU” stands for Central Processing Unit. A CPU is the brain of a computer, responsible for executing instructions and carrying out computations. It is a complex IC that fetches, decodes, and executes instructions, typically from main memory under the control of software programs. •“Customers” refers to our end customers. When the context requires, we may use “end customers,” which include hyperscalers, foundation model labs, AI-native and digital-native businesses, Fortune 500 companies, and Sovereign AI initiatives. When used in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, “customers” means parties we directly invoice for products or services. •“GenAI” stands for generative AI. GenAI is a type of AI technology that can produce various types of content, including text, imagery, audio, and synthetic data. •“GPU” stands for Graphics Processing Unit. GPU is a specialized IC with a high degree of parallelism used to accelerate the rendering of complex graphics onto a screen. Due to their ability to perform numerous computations simultaneously, GPUs outperform CPUs on certain tasks and are used for scientific computing and accelerating AI workloads, such as training and inference workloads of large language models. •“HBM” stands for High Bandwidth Memory. HBM is a type of computer memory designed to provide high bandwidth and low latency for GPUs, other AI accelerators, and CPUs. HBM is significantly faster and more expensive than traditional DRAM memory and is typically integrated within the IC package. •“Hyperscalers” means large technology companies that offer highly scalable cloud computing services, utilizing extensive data centers. They offer a wide range of dynamically-provisioned services, including computing infrastructure, software platforms, and, increasingly, AI model training and inferencing. These services are available on an as-needed basis, managed and scaled via software by the users. •“IC” stands for an Integrated Circuit. IC is a miniaturized electronic circuit that combines multiple transistor components and other elements into a single small package. ICs are the fundamental building blocks of modern electronics, and they are used in a wide variety of applications, including computers, servers, networking equipment, smartphones, automobiles, and medical devices. •“Inference” means the process of using a trained machine learning model to make predictions or decisions based on new data. It involves applying the patterns and knowledge the model learned during training to analyze and interpret new, unseen inputs. •“IT” stands for information technology. •“LLM” stands for Large Language Model. LLMs are a class of artificial intelligence models that are trained on vast amounts of text data to understand, interpret, and generate human-like language.
viii
Table of Contents
•“Node,” in the context of chip manufacturing, is used as shorthand for “process node,” which refers to specific semiconductor manufacturing processes corresponding to different circuit generations and architectures, for example, 14 nanometer and 5 nanometer nodes. •“Rack” means an open-frame cabinet of standard dimensions used to organize and house servers, networking equipment, power supplies, and other IT hardware. A data center typically houses thousands of racks interconnected by networking switches typically using Ethernet protocol. •“Sovereign AI” refers to AI systems that are developed, controlled, and managed by a particular nation or established in furtherance of such nation’s public interests. •“SRAM” stands for Static Random-Access Memory. SRAM is a type of memory that stores data within transistors so long as power is being supplied. Compared to DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory), another common type of RAM used in computers, SRAM is faster and consumes less power during active use. However, it is more expensive and takes up more space than DRAM due to its complex architecture. SRAM is often used on-chip in processors for cache memory because of its speed and efficiency, providing quick access to frequently used data. •“Tape-out” is the final phase of the chip design process for integrated circuits, where the completed design is released to manufacturing. •“Training” refers to the process of teaching an artificial intelligence model to make accurate predictions or decisions by feeding it large amounts of data and adjusting its internal parameters based on identified patterns. During training, the AI model uses algorithms to learn from the input data, iteratively refining its accuracy by adapting its behavior to minimize errors. •“Wafer” means a thin slice of a semiconductor material, typically made of silicon, upon which integrated circuits are fabricated. Wafers serve as the foundation for the production of electronic components, including microchips and microprocessors.
1
Table of Contents